Agricultural development has long been a mainstay of USAID’s programs throughout the developing world. Helping rural populations develop sustainable and productive farming systems generates income and reduces food insecurity. Given the key role agriculture plays in developing economies, and its importance to rural households’ food security, small-scale agricultural development activities targeted at the rural poor are likely to increase. Identifying potential impacts during the planning stages of an agricultural project, or during an environmental assessment, allows for alternative methods to be developed, thereby contributing to sustainable agriculture and increased yields.
This section of the Guidelines examines natural resources management (NRM) activities that can play a role in fortifying farming systems’ sustainability. Soil and water conservation—or on a larger scale, watershed management—can build local farming systems’ resilience to climatic variability and change and extreme events and add incrementally to their agricultural productivity through sophisticated use of soil, water, and vegetation.
Resources
- Agriculture and the Environment Volume I: Introduction and Commodities - A WWF Handbook on Agricultural Impacts and Better Practices PDF
This World Wildlife Fund handbook identifies the major environmental threats of key agricultural commodities and the global trends that exacerbate these threats. It suggests crop-specific guidance for environmentally sound agricultural practices and provides comparable information about each crop. Activities are identified that producers, policy makers, researchers, market-chain players and environmentalists can do to increase sustainability.
- The Invasive Species Compendium: http://www.cabi.org/ISC/
Invasive species are among the largest causes for reduced food production and post-harvest losses, and they can be major vectors for human and animal diseases. For example, in sub-Saharan Africa the UN estimates the cost of the invasive witchweed is responsible for annual maize losses amounting to $7 billion; and, overall losses to invasive species may amount to over $12 billion for Africa's eight principal crops.
This data base/compendium was partially funded by USAID and USDA along with a number of other donors, and it is now available to anyone with access to the internet. Developed in partnership with CABI (formerly the UK’s Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, but in 1986 it became a public international organization).
This is a living compendium and will grow over time. At the start it includes:
- Datasheets on over 1500 invasive species and animal diseases.
- Basic datasheets on further species, countries, habitats and pathways
- Bibliographic database of over 65,000 records (updated weekly)
- Full text documents (updated weekly)
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Public Information Center (3404), 401 M Street, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20460; tel. (202) 260-2080: http://www.epa.gov
Environment and biodiversity conservation issues, as well as the relationships between natural resources management and agricultural productivity, have become important topics considered by the 16 international research centers that form the Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research (CGIAR): http://www.cgiar.org
- The UN Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) Aquastat website: http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/main/index.stm
- Conservation Agriculture in Europe: http://www.ecaf.org/ (good definition of conservation agriculture in executive summary)
- FAO. Agriculture Food and Nutrition for Africa: A Resource Book for Teachers of Agriculture: http://www.fao.org/docrep/W0078E/w0078e00.htm
- FAO. The State of Food and Agriculture 2010-2011: http://www.fao.org/docrep/013/i2050e/i2050e.pdf
- About desertification: http://cals.arizona.edu/OALS/ALN/aln40/WebResources.html
- International Development Research Centre (IRDC). This Canadian institution is a constant source of information on sustainable agriculture in the developing world: http://www.idrc.ca/EN/Pages/default.aspx
- Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida). A major international donor supporting soil and water conservation development programs in many countries: http://www.sida.se/English/
- Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation project version 2: http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/Publications.htm?seq_no_115=175643
- U.S. Global Change Research Information Office, Geoindicators report: http://www.lgt.lt/geoin/
- U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) listing of agencies, services and programs: http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/!ut/p/_s.7_0_A/7_0_1OB?navtype=MA&navid=AGENCIES_OFFICES
- USDA's Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education (SARE) Program is an emerging program administered by the Cooperative State Research, Education and Extension Service (CSREES). Although targeted at farming conditions in North America, the conceptual approach and many of its findings can be applied in sub-Saharan Africa: http://www.sare.org/publications/index.htm Some of its more noteworthy publications include Building Soils for Better Crops, The Small Dairy Resource Book, Managing Cover Crops Profitably and Source Book of Sustainable Agriculture. It also operates a free e-mail discussion group; to subscribe, send a message to listserve@sare.org, and in the body of the message, write "subscribe sanet-mg."
- The USDA's Natural Resources Conservation Service Web site offers links to a broad spectrum of information about its programs and information sources related to soil, water and natural resources conservation: http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/
- The Soil and Water Conservation Society of the United States is an international organization with programs and publications of interest to those in Africa concerned with soil and water conservation and watershed management: http://www.swcs.org
- The Alternative Farming Systems Information Center offers information resources for farmers and extension agents: www.nal.usda.gov/afsic/csa
- Another site providing assistance, publications and resources free to farmers, extension educators and other agriculture professionals is the Appropriate Technology Transfer for Rural Areas (ATTRA) network: www.attra.org
- The Cornell University-managed Agricultural Network Information Center, or AgNic (www.agnic.org), is an unparalleled guide to quality agricultural information on the Internet from the National Agricultural Library, land-grant universities, and other institutions. It includes access to Cornell's Soil Health Portal (http://conservationagriculture.mannlib.cornell.edu/), which uses a distributed database technology.
- The African Conservation Tillage Network (http://www.act-africa.org/) is a network of practitioners who promote adoption of conservation tillage practices in Africa to assure a more sustainable use of soil resources, combat desertification, improve food security and alleviate rural poverty.
- Altieri, Miguel A. (2002). "Agroecology: The Science of Natural Resource Management for Poor Farmers in Marginal Environments." Agricultural Ecosystems and Environment (93): 1-24. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167880902000853
- Arsyad, Sitanala, Istiqlal Amien, Ted Sheng, and William Moldenhauer (eds.) (1992). Conservation Policies for Sustainable Hillslope Farming. Ankeny, Iowa: Soil and Water Conservation Society of the United States. http://books.google.com/books/about/Conservation_policies_for_sustainable_hi.html?id=MfTwAAAAMAAJ
- Clark, Laurie E. and Terry C. H. Sunderland, eds. (2004). The Key Non-Timber Forest Products of Central Africa: State of the Knowledge. Technical Paper No. 122. Washington, D.C.: Office of Sustainable Development, Africa Bureau, USAID, http://terrysunderland.com/_asset/berkas/The_Key_Non-Timber_Forest_Products_of_Central_Africa%3A_State_of_the_Knowledge-190611.pdf
- Community Forests and Soil Conservation Development Department (1988). Soil Conservation in Ethiopia. Addis Ababa.
- Food and Agriculture Organization and World Food Program. 2009. Annex 11. Factors affecting agricultural production. ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/011/i0515e/i0515e18.pdf in Joint Guidelines for Crop and Food Security Assessment Missions (CFSAMs). January 2009. http://home.wfp.org/stellent/groups/public/documents/manual_guide_proced/wfp197289.pdf
- Hudson, N., and R.J. Cheatle (1993). Working with Farmers for Better Land Husbandry. London: Intermediate Technology Publications in association with World Association of Soil and Water Conservation. http://www.swcs.org/en/publications/books/index.cfm?nodeID=7050&audienceID=1
- Hurni, Hans (1986). Guidelines for Development Agents on Soil Conservation in Ethiopia. Addis Ababa: Ministry of Agriculture, Community Forestry and Soil Conservation Development Department.
- Ives, Catherine, Andrea Johanson and Josette Lewis (2001). Agricultural Biotechnology: A Review of Contemporary Issues. Washington, D.C.: Office of Sustainable Development, Africa Bureau, USAID.
- Kaumbutho, P.G., et al. (1999). Overview of Conservation Tillage Practices in East and Southern Africa. Harare, Zimbabwe: Animal Traction Network for Eastern and Southern Africa (ATNESA). http://www.atnesa.org/contil/contil-kaumbutho-overview.pdf
- Mellor, John W. (2002). Poverty Reduction and Biodiversity Conservation: The Complex Role for Intensifying Agriculture. Washington: World Wildlife Fund.
http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CCUQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fassets.panda.org%2F
downloads%2Fmellor.pdf&ei=9FJFUNCZNYjs0gG3sYHACw&usg=AFQjCNGk7NiFfe7MTRuJhAtPE0GZWhrtFg&sig2=xVDSWl_Yw5eGe
gqRPHFlfQ
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Mulenga, N.C., et al. (1998). Conservation Tillage Technologies. GCP/RAF/334/SWE Farm-level Applied Research Methods for East and Southern Africa (Farmesa) Programme. Harare, Zimbabwe. http://www.fao.org/corp/google_result/en/?cx=018170620143701104933%3Aqq82jsfba7w&q=conservation+tillage+technologies&x=0&
y=0&cof=FORID%3A9&siteurl=www.fao.org%2Fcorp%2Fgoogle_result%2Fen%2F&ref=www.fao.org%2Fpagenotfound&ss=3904j5788
74j33
- Royal Society of London, U.S. National Academy of Sciences et al. (2000). Transgenic Plants and World Agriculture. Washington: National Academy Press.
- National Environmental Management Council, University of Rhode Island and USAID (2001). Tanzania Mariculture Guidelines Sourcebook. Dar es Salaam. http://www.crc.uri.edu/download/TAN_0046.PDF
- Norman, David, and Malcolm Douglas (1994). Farming Systems Development and Soil Conservation. FAO Farm Systems Management Series, No. 7. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
- Oygard, Ragnar, Trond Vedeld, and Jens Aune (1999). Good Practices in Drylands Management. As, Norway: Agricultural University of Norway (available from the World Bank). http://water.worldbank.org/publications/good-practices-drylands-management.
- Pereira, H.C. (1989). Policy and Practice in the Management of Tropical Watersheds. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. http://books.google.com/books/about/Policy_and_practice_in_the_management_of.html?id=zj7J_YscgkUC
- Reij, C., I. Scoones, and C. Toulmin (1996). Sustaining the Soil: Indigenous Soil and Water Conservation in Africa. London: Earthscan Publications Ltd. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/(SICI)1099-145X(199807/08)9:4%3C369::AID-LDR280%3E3.0.CO;2-H/abstract
- Rocheleau, D., F. Weber, and A. Field-Juma (1988). Agroforestry in Dryland Agriculture. Nairobi: ICRAF.
- Sanchez, P.A. (1976). Properties and Management of Soil in the Tropics. New York: John Wiley. http://www.amazon.com/Properties-Management-Soils-Tropics-Sanchez/dp/0471752002
- Sanchez, P.A. (1994). "Tropical Soil Fertility Research: Towards the Second Paradigm." Transactions 15th World Congress of Soil Science (Acapulco, Mexico) 1:65-88.
- Sheng, T.C. (1989). Soil Conservation for Small Farmers in the Humid Tropics. FAO Soils Bulletin No. 60. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. http://www.mekonginfo.org/assets/midocs/0003148-environment-soil-conservation-for-small-farmers-in-the-humid-tropics.pdf
- Shumway, Caroly A. (1999). Forgotten Waters: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems in Africa. Strategies for Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Development. The Biodiversity Support Program. Boston University, New England Aquarium and USAID. http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNACF449.pdf
- Srivastava, Jitendra, Nigel Smith and Douglas Forno (1996). Biodiversity and Agricultural Intensification: Partners for Development and Conservation. Environmentally Sustainable Development Studies and Monographs No. 11. Washington: World Bank. http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/1996/09/01/000009265_3961219092046/Rendered/PDF/multi_page.pdf
- Tato, Kebebe and H. Hurni (1992). Soil Conservation for Survival. Soil and Water Conservation Society in cooperation with International Soil Conservation Organization and World Association of Soil and Water Conservation. A selection of papers presented at the Sixth International Soil Conservation Conference held in Ethiopia and Kenya, November 1989. http://www.swcs.org/en/publications/books/index.cfm?nodeID=7044&audienceID=1
- Ten Kate, Kerry, and Sarah A. Laird (1999). The Commercial Use of Biodiversity: Access to Genetic Resources and Benefit Sharing. London: Earthscan Publications Ltd. http://www.fni.no/abs/publication-25.html
- USAID/Government of Malawi/Washington State University (1995). A Field Manual for Agroforestry Practices in Malawi. Malawi Agroforestry Extension Project.
- FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). The FAO Conservation Series, including Guide No. 13, Watershed Management Field Manual, includes five volumes treating the following topics: vegetation and soil treatment measures, gully control, slope treatment measures and practices, landslide prevention measures, and road design and construction in sensitive watersheds. http://www.fao.org/agriculture/crops/core-themes/theme/spi/scpi-home/managing-ecosystems/conservation-agriculture/ca_cases/en/
- FAO Soils Bulletins include several titles of particular interest to soil and water conservation, including No. 4, Guide to 60 Soil Water Conservation Practices; No. 13, Land Degradation; No. 30, Soil Conservation in Developing Countries; No. 33, Soil Conservation and Management in Developing Countries; No. 34, Assessing Soil Degradation; No. 44, Watershed Development with Special Reference to Soil and Water Conservation; No. 49, Application of Nitrogen-Fixing Systems in Soil Management; No. 50, Keeping the Land Alive: Soil Erosion, Its Causes and Cures; and No. 53, Improved Production Systems as an Alternative to Shifting Cultivation.
- FAO website: Intensifying Crop Production with Conservation Agriculture. http://www.fao.org/ag/ca/CA-Publications/CA_SPI_Teramo_Friedrich_Kassam.pdf.
- FAO. Tillage Systems in the Tropics: Management Options and Sustainability Implications. FAO Soils Bulletin 71. http://www.ebookdb.org/reading/263A3718757CG638G3357769/Tillage-Systems-In-The-Tropics--Management-Options-And-Sustainability-Implicatio
- FAO. Soil Tillage in Africa: Needs and Challenges. FAO Soils Bulletin 69. http://www.fao.org/docrep/t1696e/T1696e00.htm
- FAO. Tillage Systems for Soil and Water Conservation. FAO Soils Bulletin 54. http://www.fao.org/ag/ags/AGSe/7mo/furt1b.htm
- FAO. (1997). Conservation Farming Handbook for Small Holders in Regions I and II. FAO Conservation Farming Unit. Zambia. http://www.fao.org/ag/AGS/AGSE/agse_e/3ero/Zambia/contents.htm
DISCLAIMER: It is beyond the scope of these guidelines to cover the diversity of small-scale irrigation systems found in developing countries, which occur across a variety of ecological, social and geographic settings. Extensive literature collections on these specialized topics can be found at universities and other institutions worldwide. We hope the references here will lead the reader to these other sources-some broader, some more specialized.
- Birley, M.J. (1989). Guidelines for Forecasting the Vector-Borne Disease Implications of Water Resources Development. Joint WHO/FAO/UNEP Panel of Experts on Environmental Management for Vector Control. VBC/89-6. A good source of information on the dangers of water- and vector-borne diseases associated with water resources development operations. http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/resources/peem2/en/
- Catterson, T.M., et al. (1999). Programmatic Environmental Assessment of Small-Scale Irrigation in Ethiopia. Baltimore: Catholic Relief Services; USAID/Ethiopia; USAID Bureau for Africa, Office of Sustainable Development; and USAID Bureau for Humanitarian Response. http://www.afr-sd.org/Publications/PEA.pdf
- Catterson, T.M., S.O. Steward and J. Sandoval (1999). Programmatic Environmental Assessment of Small-Scale Irrigation in Guatemala. Baltimore: Catholic Relief Services and USAID/Guatemala. An environmental review of small-scale irrigation, oriented to horticulture-based farming typical of Central America, scrutinized using USAID's Environmental Regulations (22 CFR 216).
- Diemer, Geert and Frans P. Huibers (eds.) (1966). Crops, People and Irrigation: Water Allocation Practices of Farmers and Engineers. Intermediate Technology Publications. http://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/crops-people-and-irrigation-geert-diemer/1101972973
- Dougherty, T.C. and A.W. Hall (1995). Environmental Impact Assessment of Irrigation and Drainage Projects. FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 53. A technical manual for those interested in a wide variety of water resources development activities and their potential adverse environmental impacts. http://www.fao.org/docrep/V8350E/v8350e09.htm
- Siebert, S. et al (2010). Groundwater Use for Irrigation – A Global Inventory. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 14: 1863-1880 http://www.fao.org/docrep/013/al816e/al816e00.pdf
- FAO (2012). Global Map of Irrigated Areas (version 4.0.1). http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/quickWMS/irrimap.htm
- FAO (1988). Irrigation Water Management: Irrigation Methods (5). http://www.fao.org/docrep/S8684E/S8684E00.htm
- FAO (1997). Small-scale Irrigation for Arid Zones: Principles and Options. Rome: FAO. http://www.fao.org/docrep/W3094E/W3094E00.htm
- FAO (1999). Irrigation in Asia in Figures. Water Report 18. ftp://ftp.fao.org/agl/aglw/docs/wr18.pdf
- FAO (2002). Treadle Pumps for Irrigation in Africa. Rome: FAO. http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/005/X8293E/X8293E00.HTM
- FAO (1981). Torrent Control Terminology (three-language glossary). FAO Conservation Guide No. 6. Rome: FAO. Interesting illustrations of engineering features of some torrent control structures.
- Geyik, M.P. (1986). FAO Watershed Management Field Manual: Gully Control. FAO Conservation Guide No. 13/2. Rome: FAO. http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/ad082e/AD082e00.htm
- International Water Management Institute (IWMI). One of the centers affiliated with the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research, IWMI is a key resource for anyone concerned with irrigation: http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/
- Irrigation Association (www.irrigation.org). Provides a variety of technical information and links on irrigation use in American agriculture, including best management practices, a 32-page list with a design data checklist and a list of additional irrigation references.
- Mekong River Commission for Sustainable Development. http://www.mrcmekong.org/
- Ministry of Water Resources and Meteorology in association with Cambodia National Mekong Committee (2003). National Sector Review: Irrigated Agriculture. http://www.mekonginfo.org/assets/midocs/0001333-farming-national-sector-review.pdf
- Prinz, Dieter, and Anupam Singh (1999). Technological Potential for Improvements of Water Harvesting. Contributing paper prepared for thematic review by the World Commission on Dams, Cape Town. http://www.stanford.edu/~cbauburn/basecamp/dschool/homeproject/water_harvesting_improvements_technology.pdf
- Sikkens, R.B., and T.S. Steenhuis (eds.). (1988). Development and Management of the Small Marais. Water Management Synthesis Project, WMS Report 79. Rwanda: USAID. http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNAAZ683.pdf
- UNEP (2000). Sourcebook of Alternative Technologies for Freshwater Augmentation in Africa. UNEP Division of Technology, Industry, and Economics. [Osaka, Japan]: UNEP. http://www.unep.or.jp/ietc/Publications/TechPublications/TechPub-8a/index.asp
- UN Water. Statistics: Graphs & Maps. http://www.unwater.org/statistics_sec.html
- U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. A good source of information on stream bank protection and restoration is the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers' Web site, which offers in-depth technical information on this topic. http://www.hnd.usace.army.mil/techinfo/
- Vitel, Philippe. Food and Water Security: Implications for Euro-Atlantic Security (2011). NATO Parliamentary Assembly Annual Session. http://www.nato-pa.int/default.asp?CAT2=2542&CAT1=16&CAT0=2&COM=2595&MOD=0&SMD=0&SSMD=0&STA=&ID=0&PAR=0&PRINT=1
Note: USAID's Global Climate Change (GCC) Office can provide support on the climate change aspects of this Guideline. To contact the GCC office, please email: climatechange@usaid.gov
- USAID. 2007. Adapting to Climate Variability and Change: A Guidance Manual for Development Planning. http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADJ990.pdf
- USAID. 2009. Adapting to Coastal Climate Change: A Guidebook for Development Planners. http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADO614.pdf
The guidances provide information to assist planners and stakeholders as they cope with a changing climate throughout the project cycle.
- FAO. 2013. Climate Change Website. http://www.fao.org/climatechange/en/
Provides publications, resources, case studies, and other information on climate change, and climate-smart agriculture, including:
- FAO. Mainstreaming Climate-Smart Agriculture into a Broader Landscape Approach. 2012. http://www.fao.org/docrep/016/ap402e/ap402e.pdf
- FAO. Developing a Climate-Smart Agriculture Strategy At The Country Level: Lessons from Recent Experience. 2012. http://www.fao.org/docrep/016/ap401e/ap401e.pdf
- Achieving Food Security in the Face of Climate Change: Final Report from the Commission on Sustainable Agriculture and Climate Change. 2012. http://ccafs.cgiar.org/sites/default/files/assets/docs/climate_food_commission-final-mar2012.pdf
- Adaptation Learning Mechanism: Food Security and Climate Change: http://www.adaptationlearning.net/FoodSecurity
- World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal: http://sdwebx.worldbank.org/climateportal/index.cfm
- Climate Wizard website: http://www.climatewizard.org/
- This website provides a good summary of past climate trends and future climate change projections.
- The Environmental Protection Agency. Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions Data. 2013. http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/ghgemissions/global.html#two
Country or Region-specific Climate Change
- National Communications to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. http://unfccc.int/national_reports/non-annex_i_natcom/items/2979.php.
- These country-specific reports provide information and research on a country’s sensitivities to climate change by sector, including agriculture.
- National Adaptation Programs of Action. These country-specific reports produced by Least Developed Countries include information a country’s sectoral or location-specific sensitivities, including agriculture, to climate change and outline adaptation priorities. http://unfccc.int/adaptation/workstreams/national_adaptation_programmes_of_action/items/4585.php
- Ardnt, et al. The World Bank Development Research Group. Agriculture and Rural Development Team. Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security in Tanzania. 2012. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/12045/wps6188.pdf?sequence=1 (2012)
- Piao, et al. The Impacts of Climate Change on Water Resources and Agriculture in China. 2010. https://www.google.com
/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&ved=0CEEQFjAB&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2F
publication%2F46111168_The_impacts_ of_climate_change_on_water_resources_and_agriculture_in_China%2Ffile%2
Fd912f508124c460f5f.pdf&ei= 1WGBUfyYHcjy0gHN6oHI Ag&usg=AFQjCNHoSwtyxOcXVwqWLfQd9t7nlIhNzg&sig2=iFl-L 0J1L8QznvkajM6dMg&bvm=bv.45921128,d.dmQ
- Shlenker and Lobell, Robust Negative Impacts of Climate Change on African Agriculture. 2010. http://iopscience.iop.org/1748-9326/5/1/014010/pdf/1748-9326_5_1_014010.pdf
- International Food Policy Research Institute. Nelson, et al. Climate Change: Impact on Agriculture and Costs of Adaptation. Updated 2009. http://www.ifpri.org/publication/climate-change-impact-agriculture-and-costs-adaptation
- Friel, et al. The Lancet. Health and Climate Change 4: Public Health Benefits of Strategies to Reduce GHG Emissions: Food and Agriculture. 2009. http://211.144.68.84:9998/91keshi/Public/File/36/374-9706/pdf/1-s2.0-S0140673609617530-main.pdf
SOME REFERENCES EXPANDING ON RELATED SUBJECT AREAS
- Ambrogetti, Agostino. Communal Systems of Land Tenure and Fair Access to the Land: The Case of Lesotho. http://www.fao.org/sd/ltdirect/ltan0019.htm
- Barrett, Christopher B., et al. (2001). "Agro-industrialization, Globalization, and International Development: The Environmental Implications." Environment and Development Economics 6: 419-433.
- Gonzalez, Patrick (January 3, 2002). Program to Monitor Impacts of Desertification and Climate Change in Africa. Famine Early Warning System Network (FEWS NET), U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNACN444.pdf
- Integrated Coastal Area Management and Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. FAO Guidelines. (1998). Rome: FAO. http://www.fao.org/docrep/W8440e/W8440e00.htm
- World Conservation Union (IUCN). Towards the Sustainable Management of Sahelian Floodplains: Guidelines Prepared by the Sahelian Wetlands Expert Group. http://cap-net.org/sites/cap-net.org/files/wtr_mngmnt_tls/33_saweg-guidelines.pdf
- Josserand, Henri P. (2001). Community-Based Natural Resource Management in Africa (CBNRM): A Review. For USAID under RAISE task order. Washington, D.C.: USAID.
- Laird, Sarah A. (2002). Biodiversity and Traditional Knowledge. London: Earthscan. http://www.amazon.com/Biodiversity-Traditional-Knowledge-Sarah-Laird/dp/1853836982
- McNeely, Jeffrey A., and Sara J. Scherr (2001). Common Ground, Common Future: How Eco-Agriculture Can Help Feed the World and Save Wild Biodiversity. Gland, Switzerland, and Washington, D.C.: World Conservation Union (IUCN) and Future Harvest. http://www.ecoagriculture.org/greatest_hits_details.php?id=867
- Thrupp, Lori Ann (1997). Agrobiodiversity Loss: Conflicts and Effects. Washington, D.C.: World Resources Institute. http://pubs.wri.org/pubs_content_text.cfm?ContentID=625
Documentos disponibles en Español
- Ahorrar para crecer. Guía para los Responsables de las políticas de intensificación sostenible de la producción agrícola en pequeña escala M.S Swaminathan FAO Rome 2011 http://www.fao.org/docrep/014/i2215s/i2215s.pdf
- Guías sobre medio ambiente salud y seguridad para la producción de cultivos de plantación Corporación financiera internacional. Abril 2007 http://www1.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/d154cf80488658fcb7caf76a6515bb18/Plantation%2BCrops%2B-%2BSpanish%2B-%2BFinal-%2Brev%2Bcc.pdf?MOD=AJPERES
- Agricultura ecológica. Guía para agricultores procesadores, distributores y otros interesados. Comisión Europea http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/organic/files/download-information/information-material/stakeholder_brochure_es.pdf
- Una serie de directrices ambientales relacionadas con la agricultura producidos por las ATIRAS ROJOS y Comisión Europea http://www.chil.org/produccion-vegetal/group/atrias/documents-in-role/tecnico-olivo?page=9
- Gestión ambiental en el Sector Agropecuario Ministerio de agricultura y desarrollo rural. Gobierno de Colombia http://www.agronet.gov.co/www/docs_agronet/200972410236_CARTILLA_AMBIENTAL.pdf
Document disponibles en Français
- Manuel en environnement - Ressources complémentaires — Production végétale. Outils pour l'identification des effets environnementaux de secteurs d'activités spécifiques, des mesures d'atténuation appropriées et lignes directrices ACDI 2008 http://www.acdi-cida.gc.ca/acdi-cida/acdi-cida.nsf/fra/EMA-218123620-NNR
- Lignes directrices d'évaluation intégrée des impacts environnementaux et sociaux. Annexe 5 Production végétale La Banque Africaine de Développement 2003 http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Policy-Documents/Lignes%20Directrices%20pour%20L%27evaluation%20Integree%20des%20Impacts
%20Envitonmetal%20aux%20et%20Socieux.pdf
- Produire plus avec moins: Guide à l’ intention des décideurs sur l'intensification durable de l'agriculture paysanne. M.S Swaminathan FAO Roma 2011 http://www.fao.org/docrep/014/i2215f/i2215f.pdf
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