Fisheries are an important source of food and revenue worldwide, and employ over 155 million people, 98% of whom are in developing countries. Capture fisheries and aquaculture supplied the world with about 148 million tonnes of fish in 2010 (with a total value of US$217.5 billion), of which about 128 million tonnes was utilized as food for people.1 For decades fish have made up between 16 percent of animal-based proteins and 6 percent of total proteins (including plants) consumed worldwide. Over 30 percent of these fish proteins come from freshwater and diadromous fish (i.e., fish that migrate between saltwater and freshwater). Of all the animal protein consumed in Africa in 2007, 18 percent was from fish—rates are as high as 58 and 65 percent in Ghana and Sierra Leone. In Asia, approximately 23 percent of animal protein comes from fish.

In countries such as Cambodia, Bangladesh, Indonesia, and Myanmar, fish comprises between 50 to 68 percent of dietary protein intake. While the average for Latin America and the Caribbean is less than 10 percent, many of the island nations in the Caribbean get at least 20 percent or up to 50 percent of animal protein from fish.

The fisheries sector is divided into two major sub-sectors: capture fisheries and aquaculture. The term “capture fisheries” is applied to the practice of harvesting wild fish and other aquatic organisms. Both industrial and artisanal fishing practices fall under this category.

Resources

References

• Aguilar-Manjarrez, J. and S.S. Nath (1998). A Strategic Reassessment of Fish Farming Potential in Africa. CIFA Technical Paper No. 32. Rome, FAO. 170p. http://www.fao.org/docrep/W8522e/W8522E00.htm
  
  
• Baluyut, Elvira (1989). Aquaculture Systems and Practices: A Selected Review. Published by the United Nations Development Programme and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Rome. http://www.fao.org/docrep/T8598E/t8598e00.htm
  
  
• CIDA (1990). Summary version of UNEP Environmental Guidelines for Fish Farming.
  
  
• Emerson, Craig 1999. Aquaculture Impacts on the Environment. Hot Topics Series, Cambridge Scientific Abstracts. December. http://www.csa.com/discoveryguides/aquacult/overview.php
  
  
• Environment Canada (2001). Environmental Assessment of Marine Finfish Aquaculture Projects: Guidelines for Consideration of Environment Canada Expertise. Environmental Assessment Section, Pollution Prevention Division, EnvironAguilar-Manjarrez, J. and S.S. Nath (1998). A Strategic Reassessment of Fish Farming Potential in Africa. CIFA Technical Paper No. 32. Rome, FAO. 170p.
  http://www.fao.org/docrep/W8522e/W8522E00.htm
  
  
• Baluyut, Elvira (1989). Aquaculture Systems and Practices: A Selected Review. Published by the United Nations Development Programme and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Rome. http://www.fao.org/docrep/T8598E/t8598e00.htm
  
  
• CIDA (1990). Summary version of UNEP Environmental Guidelines for Fish Farming.
  
  
• Coastal Resources Center. (2015). Ba Nafaa: Gambia-Senegal Sustainable Fisheries Project.
  http://www.crc.uri.edu/projects_page/gambia-senegal-sustainable-fisheries-project-usaidba-nafaa/
  
  
• Coastal Resources Center. (2015). SUCCESS: Sustainable Coastal Communities and Ecosystems 2009-2014. http://www.crc.uri.edu/projects_page/sustainable-coastal-communities-and-ecosystems-2009-2014/
  
  
• Emerson, Craig 1999. Aquaculture Impacts on the Environment. Hot Topics Series, Cambridge Scientific Abstracts. December. http://www.csa.com/discoveryguides/aquacult/overview.php?SID=aabopp1itfnm02q58sb2rg4jf0l
  
  
• Environment Canada (2001). Environmental Assessment of Marine Finfish Aquaculture Projects: Guidelines for Consideration of Environment Canada Expertise. Environmental Assessment Section, Pollution Prevention Division, Environmental Protection Branch, Environment Canada, Atlantic Region.
  
  
• FAO (1999). "Inland Fisheries Are Under Increasing Threat From Environmental Degradation." FAO Press Release. Rome, Italy, March 24. http://www.fao.org/waicent/ois/press_ne/presseng/1999/pren9916.htm
  
  
• FAO, 2000. Small Ponds Make a Big Difference: Integrating Fish with Crop and Livestock Farming. Produced by the Farm Management and Production Economics Service and the Inland Water Resources and Aquaculture Service. http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/x7156e/x7156e00.htm
  
  
• FAO (2011). Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics: 1961–2007 fish and fishery products: world apparent consumption statistics based on food balance sheets. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
  ftp://ftp.fao.org/FI/CDrom/CD_yearbook_2009/root/food_balance/yearbook_food_balance.pdf
  
  The document summarizes more than four decades of statistics of apparent consumption of fish and fishery products based on supply/utilization accounts, for 223 countries, six continental aggregates, five economic groups and world totals. Data are given for total and per capita supply in live weight on a yearly basis. Indicative nutritional values in terms of animal and total proteins are also provided. For 40 major food fish consuming countries, balances are provided for supply in quantities and nutritional factors of eight main groups of species of similar biological characteristics. A section comprising descriptive and analytical graphs supplements the data.Goldburg, Rebecca, M. Elliott and R. Naylor (2001). Marine Aquaculture in the United States. Pew Oceans Commission. http://www.pewtrusts.org/our_work_report_detail.aspx?id=30033 or http://www.pewtrusts.org/uploadedFiles/wwwpewtrustsorg/Reports/Protecting_ocean_life/env_pew_oceans_aquaculture.pdf
  
  
• FAO. (2015). Antimicrobial resistance. Retrieved from: http://www.fao.org/antimicrobial-resistance/en/.
  
  
• Global Fish Alliance. (2015). http://www.globalfishalliance.org/
  
  
• Haylor, G. and S. Bland (2001). "Integrating Aquaculture into Rural Development in Coastal and Inland Areas." In R.P. Subasinghe, P. Bueno, M.J. Phillips, C. Hough, S.E. McGladdery and J.R. Arthur, eds. Aquaculture in the Third Millennium. Technical Proceedings of the Conference on Aquaculture in the Third Millennium, Bangkok, Thailand, 20-25 February 2000. pp.73-81. NACA, Bangkok and FAO, Rome. http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/003/AB412E/ab412e31.htm
  
  
• Hishamunda, Nathanael, Maria Thomas et al. (1998). Small-scale Fish Farming in Rwanda: Economic Characteristics. USAID, Pond dynamics/aquaculture collaborative research support program (PD/A CRSP) research report, [no.] 98-124, 1 June, 12 p. Available at: http://pdacrsp.oregonstate.edu/pubs/nops/nops121-125.html
  
  
• IIRR, IDRC, FAO, NACA and ICLARM. 2001. Source IIRR, IDRC, FAO, NACA and ICLARM. 2001. Utilizing Different Aquatic Resources for Livelihoods in Asia: a resource book. International Institute of Rural Reconstruction, International Development Research Centre, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Network of Aquaculture Centers in Asia-Pacific and International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management. 416 p. http://www.worldfishcenter.org/Pubs/IIRR/pdf/iirr_issues_principles.pdf
  
  
• IPCC. (2008). Climate Change and Water. https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B1gFp6Ioo3akcFFFeGRRVFNYM0E/edit.
  
  
• IPCC. (2013). Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. http://ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg1/.
  
  
• IPCC. (2014). Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. http://ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg2/
  
  
• Machena, C. and J. Moehl (2001). "Sub-Saharan African Aquaculture: Regional Summary." In R.P. Subasinghe, P. Bueno, M.J. Phillips, C. Hough, S.E. McGladdery and J.R. Arthur, eds. Aquaculture in the Third Millennium. Technical Proceedings of the Conference on Aquaculture in the Third Millennium, Bangkok, Thailand, 20-25 February 2000. pp. 341-355. NACA, Bangkok and FAO, Rome. http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/003/AB412E/ab412e21.htm
  
  
• Mittelmark, Jeff and D. Landkammer (1990). Design and Construction of Diversion Ponds for Aquaculture. Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, University of Minnesota. http://nsgd.gso.uri.edu/cgi-bin/copyright.cgi?/minnu/minnuh90002.pdf
  
  
• Tacon, A.G..J. (2001). "Increasing the Contribution of Aquaculture for Food Security and Poverty Alleviation." In R.P. Subasinghe, P. Bueno, M.J. Phillips, C. Hough, S.E. McGladdery and J.R. Arthur, eds. Aquaculture in the Third Millennium. Technical Proceedings of the Conference on Aquaculture in the Third Millennium, Bangkok, Thailand, 20-25 February 2000. pp.63-72. NACA, Bangkok and FAO, Rome. http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/AB412E/ab412e30.htm
  
  
• United Nations. (1998). Management of Aquatic Ecosystems through Community Husbandry Program. https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/index.php?page=view&type=99&nr=40&menu=1449
  
  
• UNEP (2012). Global Environmental Outlook 5: Chapter 5 Biodiversity. http://www.unep.org/geo/geo5.asp and http://www.unep.org/geo/pdfs/geo5/GEO5_report_C5.pdf
  
  The chapter presents globally agreed indicators and goals for biodiversity. The implications for human well-being of not achieving these targets are examined and gaps in achieving internationally agreed goals for biodiversity are identified, so as to frame key messages for the international community.
  
  
• U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID). 2009. Adapting to Coastal Climate Change: A Guidebook for Development Planners. http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADO614.pdf
  
  
• USAID. (2011). The Fisheries Improved for Sustainable Harvest Project. http://www.oneocean.org/fish/the_project.html.
  
  
• USAID. (2012). Final Report: Biophysical Principles for Designing Resilient Networks of Marine Protected Areas to Integrate Fisheries, Biodiversity and Climate Change Objectives in the Coral Triangle. https://dec.usaid.gov/dec/content/Detail.aspx?q=KERvY3VtZW50cy5Eb2N1bWVudF9UaXRsZTooZmlzaGVyaWVzIGJpb2RpdmVyc2l0eSkp& ctID=ODVhZjk4NWQtM2YyMi00YjRmLTkxNjktZTcxMjM2NDBmY2Uy&rID=MzQwNzcw&qcf=ODVhZjk4NWQtM2YyMi00YjRmLTkxNjktZTcxMjM 2NDBmY2Uy&ph=VHJ1ZQ==&bckToL=VHJ1ZQ==&.
  
  
• USAID. (2012). Integrating Fisheries, Biodiversity, and Climate Change Objectives into Marine Protected Area Design in the Coral Triangle. https://dec.usaid.gov/dec/content/Detail.aspx?q=KERvY3VtZW50cy5Eb2N1bWVudF9UaXRsZTooZmlzaGVyaWVzIGJpb2RpdmVyc2l0eSk p&ctID=ODVhZjk4NWQtM2YyMi00YjRmLTkxNjktZTcxMjM2NDBmY2Uy&rID=MzQwNzcx&qcf=ODVhZjk4NWQtM2YyMi00YjRmLTkxNjktZTcx MjM2NDBmY2Uy&ph=VHJ1ZQ==&bckToL=VHJ1ZQ==&
  
  
• USAID. (2013). COMPASS ll: Community Partnerships for Sustainable Resources Management in Malawi. http://rmportal.net/library/content/tools/compass-ii.
  
  
• USAID. (2013). Sustainable Fisheries and Responsible Aquaculture: A Guide for USAID Staff and Partners. http://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1865/FishAquaGuide14Jun13Final.pdf
  
  
• USAID. (2013). Designing Marine Protected Area Networks to Achieve Fisheries, Biodiversity, and Climate Change Objectives in Tropical Ecosystems: A Practitioner Guide. https://dec.usaid.gov/dec/content/Detail.aspx?ctID=ODVhZjk4NWQtM2YyMi00YjRmLTkxNjktZTcxMjM2NDBmY2Uy&rID=MzQwNzcz.
  
  
• U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2009. Managing Invasive Plants: Concepts, Principles, and Practices. http://www.fws.gov/invasives/staffTrainingModule/methods/chemical/introduction.html
  
  
• Warrington, Patrick (2002). Best Management Practices to Protect Water Quality from Non-Point Source Pollution. North American Lake Management Society. Madison, Wisconsin. March. http://www.nalms.org/bclss/aquaculture.html
  
  
• World Bank/NACA/WWF/FAO (2002). Shrimp Farming and the Environment. A World Bank, NACA, WWF and FAO Consortium Program to analyze and share experiences on the better management of shrimp aquaculture in coastal areas. Work in Progress for Public Discussion. Washington, D.C.: World Bank http://library.enaca.org/Shrimp/Publications/DraftSynthesisReport-21-June.pdf
  
  
• Health Organization. (accessed May 2015). Global and regional food consumption patterns and trends. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/nutrition/topics/3_foodconsumption/en/.

Resources

• A Brief for Fisheries Policy Research in Developing Countries. M. Ahmed, C. Delgado and S. Sverdrup-Jensen (1997). 16 p. ISBN 971-8709-59-2. Available at: http://www.worldfishcenter.org/libinfo/Pdf/Pub%20CP6%2060.pdf
  
  Outcome of the International Consultation on Fisheries Policy Research in Developing Countries, jointly organized by International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management (ICLARM), the International Food Policy Research Institute and the Institute for Fisheries Management and Coastal Community Development, and held 3-5 June 1997 at the North Sea Centre, Hirtshals, Denmark. Forty-two scientists, academicians and policymakers from developing countries, together with representatives from donor and international organizations, contributed to the development of a set of recommendations that include: (1) policy research priorities and an agenda for international and national research initiatives; and (2) guidelines for improving the capacity of developing country institutions in fisheries’ policy research, including enlargement of the scope for collaborative research.
  
  
• Animal Welfare Institute (2012). Blast Fishing. Washington, DC http://awionline.org/content/blast-fishing
  
  
• Aquafish Innovation Lab. (accessed May 2015). Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Collaborative Research on Aquaculture & Fisheries. http://aquafishcrsp.oregonstate.edu/
  
  
• Armenteras, D., et al. UNEP. Global Environmental Outlook. Chapter 5: Biodiversity. http://www.unep.org/geo/pdfs/geo5/GEO5_report_C5.pdf
  
  
• A Roadmap For the Future for Fisheries and Conservation. M.J. Williams, Ed. (1998). ICLARM Conf. Proc. 56, 58 p. ISSN 0115-4435, ISBN 8709-94-0. Available at: http://siris-libraries.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?uri=full=3100001~!588469!0#focus
  
  These proceedings report on the fisheries session of the Marine and Coastal Workshop convened by IUCN, the World Conservation Union, 17-18 October 1998. The workshop sought to present and review the state of the art in marine and coastal conservation and sustainable development issues, and to discuss and develop directions, priorities and the role of IUCN in addressing these issues. The seven papers in the book discuss views from fisheries, conservation and resource management experts. The consensus expressed is that fisheries conservation is becoming more complex: it was previously the domain of fishers, fisheries managers and scientists, but now multipolar interests are concerned, including fishers and fisheries experts, consumers, local communities, civil society and other economic sectors.
  
  
• Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries. FAO. Available at: http://www.fao.org/fi/agreem/codecond/ficonde.asp
  
  This code sets out principles and international standards of behavior for responsible practices, with a view to ensuring the effective conservation, management and development of living aquatic resources, with due respect for ecosystems and biodiversity. The code recognizes the nutritional, economic, social, environmental and cultural importance of fisheries, and the interests of all those concerned with the fisheries sector. The code takes into account the biological characteristics of the resources and affected environment. It also addresses the interests of consumers and other users. All those involved in fisheries are encouraged to apply the code and give effect to it
  .
  
• Co-management in Small-Scale Fisheries. A Synthesis of Southern and West African Experiences. (1998) Paper presented at IASCP conference in Vancouver, Canada, 9-14 June. In: Fisheries Co-management in Africa. Proceedings from a regional workshop on fisheries co-management research held 18-20 March 1997 in Mangochi, Malawi. [16]. Available at: http://www.ifm.dk/reports/16.PDF
  
  This presentation summarizes the findings from eight African countries where case studies of co-management arrangements in artisanal fisheries were undertaken during the period 1996-97. In most of the cases, co-management represents a new approach to fisheries management. In some cases, it has only been applied within the last 3-5 years, and in a few it is merely being considered as an option. The comparison of cases at this early stage may help address critical issues in the planning and implementation of fisheries co-management in Africa. These include the provision of incentives for fishers and other stakeholders to cooperate among themselves and with government in managing fisheries. The level of cooperation is determined by key factors affecting the local politico-historical, biophysical, economic and sociocultural environments of fishing communities and associated fisheries. Incentives for cooperation are determined by the character of the decision-making arrangements in place. These include setting collective choice rules and, in particular, the operational rules for a fishery, and thus the legitimacy of the arrangements in the eyes of the fishers. The co-management approach is intended to replace ineffective conventional, centralized management systems. The differing bio-physical environments seen in the cases represent three ecological systems: lake/reservoir, lagoon/estuary and open coast. In most of the cases only a few fish species are target species. These are often subject to heavy fishing pressure or are already over-fished. In most cases the fishers and their families are totally dependent on the fishery for their livelihood since, with few exceptions, they have no alternative sources of income.
  
  
• FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department (2012). The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture. Rome, Italy. http://www.fao.org/docrep/016/i2727e/i2727e.pdf
  
  
• FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper (2011). State of World Aquaculture 2010. Rome, Italy. http://www.fao.org/docrep/014/ba0132e/ba0132e.pdf
  
  
• FAO Newsroom Focus (August 2003). Aquaculture: not just an export industry. http://www.fao.org/english/newsroom/focus/2003/aquaculture.htm
  
  Topics include
  
  • Aquaculture development 6 - Use of wild fishery resources for capture-based aquaculture2011
    
  • Aquaculture development. 5. Use of wild fish as feed in aquaculture2011
    
  • Fisheries management. 4. Marine protected areas and fisheries2011
    
  • Aquaculture development. 4. Ecosystem approach to aquaculture. 2010
    
  • Fisheries management. 2. The ecosystem approach to fisheries. 2.2 The human dimensions of the ecosystem approach to fisheries. 2009
    
  • Fishing operations. 2. Best practices to reduce incidental catch of seabirds in capture fisheries. 2009
    
  • Information and knowledge sharing. 2009
    
  • Responsible fish trade2009
    
  • Aquaculture development. 3. Genetic resource management. 2008
    
  • Fisheries management. 2. The ecosystem approach to fisheries. 2.1 Best practices in ecosystem modelling for informing an ecosystem approach to fisheries. 2008
    
  • Fisheries management. 3. Managing fishing capacity2008
    
  • Inland Fisheries. 1. Rehabilitation of inland waters for fisheries2008
    
  • Aquaculture development. 2. Health management for responsible movement of live aquatic animals2007.
    
  • Increasing the contribution of small-scale fisheries to poverty alleviation and food security. 2005
    
  • Fisheries management. 2. The ecosystem approach to fisheries2003Implementation of the International Plan of Action to deter, prevent and eliminate, illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing. 2002
    
  • Food and Water Watch. Offshore Fish Farming – Top 10 Problems. http://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/fish/fish-farming/offshore/problems/
    
    
• "Farming fish the right way". R. Kapadia and M. Williams (2000). ICLARM, USAID. ICLARM Focus for research, 3(2), April, 4 p. USAID order no. PN-ACK-990.
  
  
• Fisheries and Aquaculture in Sub-Saharan Africa: Situation and Outlook in 1996 (1996) FAO Fisheries Circular No. 922 FIPP/C922, ISSN 0429-9329. Rome. Available at:
  http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/w3839e/W3839e00.htm
  
  The contribution of the fisheries sector to the economy of the region has been largely beneficial. Over the last decade, significant progress has taken place including strengthened artisanal fisheries development; the consolidation of a small industrial base; growing export receipts leading to a positive trade balance; and, more recently, indications of a promising takeoff for aquaculture. However, in marine capture fisheries, most bottom-dwelling stocks are thought to be fully exploited, and catches by distant-water nations are steadily decreasing. The immediate potential for increases in production and supply for local markets is primarily with lower-value small pelagics species. Inland fisheries figure importantly in food security, providing over 40 percent of domestic catches.
  Freshwater production is close to its estimated potential. Since 1990, per-capita fish supply has followed an alarming downward trend. The major challenge for the fisheries sector will be to maintain production to meet current levels of demand. This will require significant efforts to improve the management of capture fisheries, to support the development of aquaculture, and to promote intra-regional trade.
  
  
• Fisheries and Aquaculture Research Planning Needs for Africa and West Asia. J.H. Annala, Ed. (1997). ICLARM Conf. Proc. 50, 80 p. ISSN 0115-4435, ISBN 971-8709-67-3. Available at:
  http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&id=jR6hTsiGVOoC&dq=Fisheries+and+Aquaculture+Research+Planning+Needs+for+Africa+and
  +West+Asia&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=rDik6g7Ada&sig=K_MoqTe-wdGfQWvtvZ6Q7mGlCFg&ei=US-TSaqfG83dtgekscjWC
  w&sa=X&oi= book_result&resnum=1&ct=result
  
  Proceedings of the ICLARM workshop on 23-25 September 1995 in Cairo, Egypt. Discussion of coral reef resource systems; coastal aquatic and inland aquatic resource systems; African Great Lake and reservoir resource systems; social sciences and co-management; and the partnerships between national aquatic research systems and ICLARM in Africa and West Asia.
  
  
• Forgotten Waters: Freshwater and Marine Ecosystems in Africa-Strategies for Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Development. Caroly A. Shumway USAID (1999), x, 167 p.
  Available at: http://www.uneca.org/awich/FORGOTTEN%20WATERS-FRESHWATER%20AND.pdf
  
  This report provides a primer on Africa's threatened aquatic biodiversity, along with lessons learned from successful and failed conservation projects and options for biodiversity conservation. The report provides an overview of the value of aquatic biodiversity, identifies the biologically and socio-economically most important sites, discusses threats, and recommends activities for urgent conservation action. The report addresses both freshwater and marine biodiversity, covering the following aquatic habitats and their associated flora and fauna: lakes, rivers, and streams; wetlands, including floodplains, freshwater swamps (also known as marais), mangroves, and coastal wetlands; and coral reefs. Associated wildlife include all terrestrial and aquatic organisms whose survival depends on wet habitats. Ocean pelagic areas are addressed briefly. Key recommendations include: improve institutional capacity for aquatic resource management; encourage appropriate economic and sectoral policies; involve the community in aquatic resource conservation and management; support needed research; mimic natural disturbance regimes in order to maintain or restore natural hydrological cycles; assist in establishing critical aquatic resources that can provide both conservation and fisheries benefits; and assist in developing fisheries that are compatible with biodiversity goals. Includes bibliography.
  
  
• Jacinto, E.R.; Pomeroy, R.S., 2011. In Pomeroy, R.S.; Andrew, N.L. (eds.). Small-scale fisheries management: frameworks and approaches for the developing world. Cabi, UK. 247 p. http://www.dfid.gov.uk/R4D/PDF/Outputs/WorldFish/WorldFish_publications_alert_v
  
  
• Research for the Future Development of Aquaculture in Ghana. M. Prein, J.K. Ofori and C. Lightfoot, eds. (1996). ICLARM Conf. Proc. 42, 94 p. ISSN 0115-4435, ISBN 971-8709-43-6. Available at:
  http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/44839/2/9789718709436.pdf
  
  Proceedings of a workshop held in Accra, Ghana, 11-13 March 1993, which presented the preliminary results of a project entitled "Research for the Future Development of Aquaculture in Ghana." The project was funded by the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ), and was executed by ICLARM in collaboration with the Institute of Aquatic Biology (IAB), Accra, Ghana. The aim of the project was to determine "what makes sense" for aquaculture development in Ghana, focusing on smallholder farmers.
  
  
• Srinivasan, U.T., Cheung, W.W.L., Watson, R. and Sumaila, U.R. (2010). Food security implications of global marine catch losses due to overfishing. Journal of Bioeconomics 12, 183-200 http://www.ecomarres.com/downloads/Thara2.pdf
  
  
• Sustainable Aquaculture: Seizing Opportunities to Meet Global Demand (1998). Rural Development Department, The World Bank. Agriculture Technology Notes No. 22, December. Available at: http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&the SitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenu
  PK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000094946_00102805334371
  
  This document reviews the continuing growth and importance of aquaculture globally. According to FAO statistics, 1995 worldwide production from aquaculture represented about 21.3 million tons (19 percent) of the total annual fish production from all sources.
  
  Aquaculture grew at an annual average rate of 10 percent during the last decade. In contrast, during the same period, the catch of wild fish from both inland and marine waters (capture fisheries) averaged an annual growth rate of less than 2 percent. Moreover, the contribution of aquaculture to human nutrition between 1990 and 1995 increased, while that from capture fisheries declined by about 10 percent. This reversal occurred because an increasing percentage of the wild catch are species of lower value that are being used to produce fishmeal for feed and fertilizer.
  
  
• The Ninth International Symposium on Tilapia in Aquaculture. (2011). Conference program, papers, and presentations. http://ag.arizona.edu/azaqua/ista/ISTA9/ISTA9.htm
  
  The ninth of a series of symposia that have brought together tilapia biologists who review the latest discoveries in tilapia nutrition, physiology, reproductive biology, genetics, ecology, improvements in production systems, and other fields related to tilapia and their use in aquaculture. The symposium had a special emphasis on best management practices, quality control, new product forms, international trade, and opening new markets for farmed tilapia products. The symposium included a trade/exhibit show, which provided a forum for industry suppliers, seafood marketers, and the aquaculture press to meet directly with researchers and producers.
  
  
• The Review of the Status, Trends, and Issues in Global Fisheries and Aquaculture with Recommendations for USAID Investments. The USAID SPARE Fisheries & Aquaculture Panel. http://pdacrsp.oregonstate.edu/miscellaneous/F%26A_Subsector_Final_Rpt
  
  
• Tucker, C.S. and J.A. Hargreaves (eds). 2008. Environmental best management practices for aquaculture. Wiley-Blackwell. Ames, Iowa. 592 pp.
  
  
• UN Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (2012). Providing options to respond to climate change in West African coastal areas. http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/ioc-oceans/single-view-oceans/news/providing_options_to_respond_to_climate_change_in_coastal_areas/
  
  
• USAID. (2003). Review of the Status, Trends and Issues in Global Fisheries and Aquaculture, with Recommendations for USAID Investments.
  http://pdacrsp.oregonstate.edu/miscellaneous/F%26A_Subsector_Final_Rpt.pdf
  
  
• USAID. (2006). Fisheries Opportunity Assessment. http://www.crc.uri.edu/download/Fish_Opp_Assess_Final_012607_508.pdf.
  
  
• USAID. 2013. Sustainable fisheries and responsible aquaculture: a guide for USAID staff and partners.
  
  
• Van Houtte, A. 2001. Establishing legal, institutional and regulatory framework for aquaculture development and management. In R.P. Subasinghe, et al., eds. Aquaculture in the Third Millennium. Technical Proceedings of the Conference on Aquaculture in the Third Millennium, Bangkok, Thailand, 20-25 February 2000.

Climate Change Resources

Note: USAID's Global Climate Change (GCC) Office can provide support on the climate change aspects of this Guideline. To contact the GCC office, please email: climatechange@usaid.gov

• USAID. 2007. Adapting to Climate Variability and Change: A Guidance Manual for Development Planning. http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADJ990.pdf
  
  
• USAID. 2009. Adapting to Coastal Climate Change: A Guidebook for Development Planners. http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADO614.pdf
  
  The guidance provides information to assist planners and stakeholders as they cope with a changing climate throughout the project cycle.
  
  
• IPCC. 2007. Observations: Oceanic Climate Change and Seal Level in: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contributions of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg1/ar4-wg1-chapter5.pdf
  
  
• Pew Ocean Science Series. 2009. Redistribution of Fish Catch by Climate Change. A Summary of a New Scientific Analysis.
  http://www.seaaroundus.org/ClimateChange/images/Pew%20OSS%20Final%20climate%20change%20and%20fisheries.pdf
  
  
• FAO. 2009. Fisheries and Aquaculture in a Changing Climate. http://www.fao.org/climatechange/17792-0d5738fda3c03582617e6008210ab1e3a.pdf
  
  
• FAO. 2009. World Review of Fisheries and Aquaculture. ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/011/i0250e/i0250e01.pdf
  
  
• Seafish. 2009. Research & Development Factsheet: Fishing Vessel Fuel Emissions. http://www.seafish.org/media/Publications/FS27_04.09__Fuel_emissions.pdf
  
  
• FAO. 2009. Final Report: Expert Consultation on GHG emissions and mitigation potentials in the agriculture, forestry and fisheries sectors. http://www.fao.org/climatechange/59239/en/
  
  
• National Communications are submitted by countries to the UNFCCC and include information on country context, broad priority development and climate objectives, overviews of key sectors, historic climate conditions, projected changes in the climate and impacts on key sectors, potential priority adaptation measures, limitations, challenges and needs.
  http://unfccc.int/national_reports/non-annex_i_natcom/items/2979.php
  
  
• The World Bank’s Climate Change Knowledge Portal is intended to provide quick and readily accessible climate and climate-related data to policy makers and development practitioners. The site also includes a mapping visualization tool (webGIS) that displays key climate variables and climate-related data. http://sdwebx.worldbank.org/climateportal/
  
  
• National climate change policies and plans. Many countries have policies and plans for addressing climate change adaptation.

Documents disponibles en français

• Manuel en environnement- Ressources complémentaires — Pisciculture
  
  
• Outils pour l'identification des effets environnementaux de secteurs d'activités spécifiques, des mesures d'atténuation appropriées et lignes directrices http://www.acdi-cida.gc.ca/acdi-cida/acdi-cida.nsf/fra/EMA-218123621-NNZ
  
  
• FAO Directives Techniques pour une Pêche Responsable ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/003/w3591f/w3591f00.pdf
  
  
• Directives environnementales, sanitaires et sécuritaires pour l’aquaculture. société financière internationale Avril 2007 http://www1.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/8b273f804886581ab426f66a6515bb18/057_Aquaculture.pdf?MOD=AJPERES
  
  
• FAO Directives Techniques pour une Pêche Responsable – 2 http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/w3592f/w3592f00.htm
  
  
• Code de conduite canadien sur les pratiques de pêche responsable http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/fm-gp/policies-politiques/cccrfo-cccppr-fra.htm#directrices
  
  
• L'aquaculture durable: Lignes directrices pour de meilleures pratiques environnementales http://www.uicnmed.org/web2007/cd_aquaculture/docs/art_sc/guidelines_aquaculture.pdf

Documentos disponibles en español

• FAO Orientaciones Técnicas para la Pesca Responsable - Operaciones Pesqueras – 1 http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/w3591s/w3591s00.htm
  
  
• Directrices internacionales para asegurar la pesca sostenible en pequeña escala
  
  
• Borrador cero Mayo 2012 ftp://ftp.fao.org/FI/DOCUMENT/ssf/SSF_guidelines/ZeroDraftSSFGuidelines_MAY2012_es.pdf
  
  
• Guía sobre medio ambiente, salud y seguridad para la acuicultura cooperacion financiera internacional  30 Abril 2007  http://www1.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/8b273f804886581ab426f66a6515bb18/057_Aquaculture.pdf?MOD=AJPERES